Tour de France
General Sport Road Cycling Creation 1903 Organizer (s) ASO Publishing 98 (in 2011) Category UCI World Tour Type / Format stage race Periodicity Annual (July) Place France and neighboring countries Participants 198 (2011) Status of participants Professional Director Christian Prudhomme Prize list Title holder Cadel Evans (2011) Most successful (s) Lance Armstrong (7) For competition to come, see: Tour de France 2012 For the last competition, see: Tour de France 2011 change The Tour de France is a competitive cyclist in stages set up in 1903 by Henri Desgrange and the newspaper L’Auto . It takes place every year in France in the month of July . She is being held on more than 3 000 km and is organized by ASO ( Amaury Group ). “The Tour” or “the Tour”, as we also called in France, is considered the most prestigious cycling event in the world. In 2009, exactly 78 channels of television rebroadcast the Tour de France in 170 countries . That, according to its organizer, the largest annual sporting world 1 . Summary [ hide ] 1 History 1.1 Creation and history of the Tour de France 1.2 From 1903 to World War I 1.3 1918 to 1939 1.4 The payday loan Second World War 1.5 Reversal of the Liberation Tower 1.6 The Denver Divorce Lawyer Tour de France for Chicago Criminal Defense Lawyer 30 glorious 1.7 The “global expansion” of the Tour de France 1.8 The front of the Tour de France doping 2 Media coverage of the Tour de France 3 Awards recent Tour de France 4 Rankings and jerseys 4.1 Yellow Jersey 02.04 Points classification 4.3 Grand Prix de la Montagne 4.4 Best Young 4.5 Other suits brisbane rankings 5 Tour de France spa covers 5.1 The peaks and passes of the Tour 5.2 Types of stages 5.2.1 Step mountain 5.2.2 Step lowland 5.2.3 Step against the clock 5.3 Countries and regions visited 5.4 Main difficulties in the mountains 6 The main records 7 Habits and customs of the Tour de France 8 The directors of the Tour 9 The Tower and the arts 10 Awards 11 Notes and references 12 See also 12.1 References 12.2 Related 12.3 External Links History
Main article: History of the Tour de France . Creation and history of the Tour de France At the end of xix th century , in France, there is a sports daily, The Bicycle . Its editor, Pierre Giffard 2 , involved in its columns to support Dreyfus , displeases the industrial cycle and automotive (mostly anti-Dreyfus). However, these fund his newspaper by advertising. In 1900 , through their representative, the Count de Dion , they choose Henri Desgrange to create a competing newspaper, L’Auto-Vélo . While the bike weight loss pills is published on green paper, Desgrange is publishing his daily on yellow paper (a few years later, this color will create the yellow jersey) 3 . Or is the title chosen the term bike . The Director of Cycling , Paul Rousseau, is suing. On 16 January 1903 , Dion loses and is forced to rename Auto-Cycling in the Auto . As cycling is so important in economic and sports, this loss of label could affect sales of the newspaper 3 . Desgrange must find a response. It turns out that his colleague, the journalist Geo Lefevre , he proposed to organize a bicycle race likely to increase its readership: the Tour de France. On 19 January 1903 , L’Auto announced the creation of “the greatest cycling event ever held” : the Tour de France 3 . The race was launched in July, sales in the Auto increasing at the expense of the bike . It continues its publication the following year 3 . From 1903 to World War I. The first Tour de France from Paris and it ends. He made stops in major cities ( Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Nantes ), and borrows the main roads. The audience, estimated 200 to 500 000 people, is weakly present throughout the course. The Tour is a success, however in Paris, where one press Ville d’Avray and Princes Park to host the first heroes of the Tour, with the winner Maurice Garin . Newspapers are at record levels of sales. The Tour de France creates a craze in sport, after the daily competition with the press and discuss 4 . The following year, the Tour is a victim of its success. Acts of local chauvinism already observed in 1903 are amplified: cyclists are attacked, alleging cheating letters Bankruptcy sent to management, nails scattered on the floor. The public goes against the ideal of national unity conveyed by the Tour and supports its regional competitors. With the Tour, the Paris Annex France at that time. The race from Paris, it ends and the majority of riders are e cigarette from, and the Tour in the French provinces diffuse values in Paris 5 . One last “incident” occurs several months after arrival: the Union Cyclist de France in November decided to decommission the first four, charged with various violations of race rules (irregular supplies and training). The young Henri Cornet is the winner. This is probably due to the rivalry of the Self and the UVF, the latter jealous of the success of the Tour. After a time intended to give to organize a new edition 6 , Desgrange in 1905 brings changes to the conduct and organization of the race to avoid irregularities in the previous year. The steps are shorter, so that riders do not roll over at night and avoid the downtown areas. The overall time is replaced by a points classification. Also beginning this year at the initiative of Alphonse Steines , an employee of Desgrange, the Tour is close to its borders, to form a “walkway”, a “processional encirclement of the country ostentatiously manifesting the values of modern France and industrial, energy and radiant health of youth ” 7 . The route stretches thus: it gradually increases from 2 500 km in 1904 to 5 300 km in 1911, after which it stabilizes and follows the most natural and political borders of France. Particular attention is paid to the Alsace-Lorraine , annexed by the German Empire in 1871. In 1905 , the Tour climbing the Ballon d’Alsace , then in 1907 to 1910 , stops in Metz , with the consent of the German authorities and in collaboration with patriotic associations. These calls are an opportunity for local people to express their feelings French. Worried manifestations of patriotism that these steps result, and in a context of deteriorating relations between France and Germany, Wilhelm II prevents the incursion of the tour in Germany in 1911. Thus, the Tour does not promote only the values of physical effort, energy, courage and technical progress. It defines the French territory, reminiscent of the French claims to Alsace-Lorraine and passes into the “arsenal of revenge” 8 . This trend continues in 1912 in the pages of the Self , where the articles Desgrange become more offensive and described the Tour as a “crusade of physical regeneration in France” 9 .
Octave Lapize during the Tour de France 1905 Extending the frontiers, the Tour is also the altitude. The mountain is present from the first edition of the Tour, with two passes of the Massif Central . After a successful transition in the foothills of the Alps in 1905, the Col de Porte was taken in 1907. While Desgrange think I have reached the limits of human effort with this difficulty, Steins convinces him to answer the public’s appetite and go through the Pyrenees . Thus in 1910, on a trial basis,
the Portet-d’Aspet then passes Peyresourde , Aspin , Tourmalet and Aubisque are crossed. These four passes are on the agenda of a stage won by the final winner Octave Lapize , who called on this occasion the organizers as “criminals” 10 . This step marks the beginning of the search for excess of the Tour de France. Replacement in 1911 of the neck of the door Galibier , which marks the minds of the public and organizers, completed his conquest of the mountain 11 . The popularity of the Tour is increasing rapidly during this period. Despite a modest presence of the public, small departures stage and on the road, more arrivals and controls, the Tour is a “great festival of the cycle and boundaries” 12 . Three types of audiences can be identified at that time: a sporting public, consisting of one share of aristocrats and bourgeois mechanized following the race and some other enthusiasts present at the roadside, and the public People for whom the passage of the Tour is an opportunity for a summer party 13 . The race is indeed “a pretext for an extension of the celebrations of 14 July” and “mobile to celebrate a good republican values.” As such, the State supports the organization of the Tour. And a ministerial circular of 1912, which remains in force until the 1950s, urged the mayors not to hinder the organization of bicycle races that are “an enhancement of French auto insurance quotes youth, for the benefit of the and the country ” 14 . The early editions, the exploits of the Tour de France riders are set off by the Auto and Desgrange, who sees in them “the aristocracy of the muscle” 15 . They are regarded by the public as heroes “because they were able to overcome all obstacles from the road, thanks to a simple bicycle” 16 , “soldiers of the sport” that “fascinate the working classes” 17 . Their heroism is growing from 1910 when crossing the high mountains, which gives their exploits “a mythological dimension” 18 . If in 1903 some “giants of the road” ( Maurice Garin , Jean Fisher , Hippolyte Aucouturier , Edward Wattelier ) alongside a majority of unknown 19 , the number of professional riders is increasing 20 . The 1914 Tour de France ended a cambodia travel few days before starting the First World War . The Self is a regular sports news mobilized on the front and announced the death of several riders in the Tour. The Luxembourg François Faber , winner in 1909 , died at the Battle of Artois in May 1915 . Octave Lapize , who has engaged in aviation, was shot dead on 14 July 1917 over Verdun . Finally Lucien Petit-Breton , the first double winner of the Tour (in 1907 and 1908 ) died on 20 December 1917 in an automobile accident at the rear of the front. Henri Desgranges, who hoped to organize the Tour in 1915, undertakes voluntarily in 1917 and continues to write articles for The Auto from the front. The armistice was signed on 11 November 1918 . From November 20, The Auto publishes the Tour 1919 21 . 1918-1939 After five years of interruption, the Tour again in 1919. On this occasion, he ends to form the “walkway” before the war started, step by Metz and Strasbourg 22 . Only eleven riders finish the Tour difficult on poorly maintained roads during World War 23 , won by Belgian Firmin Lambot . Eugène Christophe became the first rider to wear the yellow jersey . The first editions of post-war do not meet the same success as before. The success of four Belgians from 1919 to 1922, including Philippe Thys who becomes the first rider to win three Tours in 1920, are certainly welcome in their country. The image of the Tour, however, suffers from these “little charismatic champions” and violations of the rules of racing. Although Desgrange remained intransigent on the individual nature of the competition, the victories are many agreements between riders of the consortium ‘s Sports and Peugeot in 1922. The Tour is experiencing a short-lived burst of enthusiasm in 1923 with the victory of Henri Pelissier , one of the most popular French riders of the time 24 .
Henri Pelissier in 1919 After the war, the Comte de Dion sells its shares in the Auto Victor Goddet. On the death of the latter in 1926, his eldest son Maurice is seen Goddet leave the majority of shares of the newspaper. Desgrange remains the owner of the Tour. He takes under his wing the second son of Victor Goddet, Jacques , following his first Tour in 1928 after entering the newspaper L’Auto , to bring it to his successor 25 . The influence of Desgrange the race is not appreciated by all, and even a cause of degradation of the image of the Tour de France in the late 1920s. In 1924, brothers Francis and Henri Pelissier dropped out to protest a regulation deemed too severe. They engage the journalist Albert Londres , covering the Tour for Le Petit Journal . He describes the difficulties and suffering of riders of the Tour de France, “by accentuating the drama of the race.” In grading his article “The convicts of the road”, London makes this expression and the image it conveys lasting popular and the public to discover a little known fact 26 . Henri Pélissier continues his protest against Desgrange and overly rigid rules by sending a letter to various newspapers. Humanity and seized it follows for the first time the Tour de France 27 . The Tour de France will start for the first time outside the Paris region in 1926 . He went to Evian , loops similar to previous editions. Desgrange hopes to “reduce the time between the output of the Alps and the arrival in Paris. The group rides mean nothing and end up boring the audience. ” This new route, the longest in the history of the Tour ( 5 745 km ), has not the desired effect, since a large number of steps ending in a bunch sprint of the pack. To remedy this, the following year Desgrange invented a new formula in the flat stages, the teams go separately. The spectators do not understand the issue and holding of the race. In 1928, he implemented a new idea: the replenishment of the teams, he considers disorganized after the Pyrenees, to enable them to compete Alcyon team dominating the race. Each team is allowed to use three substitutes. Six runners in the race and come to Marseille, and are the subject of a separate overall 28 . On other occasions, Desgrange waives the sporting ideal to maintain the interest of the race. He pays such riders to speed up when it considers that the pack is too slow 29 . In 1929, the Belgian Maurice De Waele , patient, necessary with the help of his teammates Alcyon. For Desgrange, mining jobs “it Relevant Life Policies saves a corpse.” The Tour and its regulation, which prohibits assistance are permanently discredited 30 . Henri Desgrange needs to rethink the course of his career. It upsets the mode of participation in the Tour de France. Marks cycles are removed. Now, runners contract directly with the Tour and are grouped by national teams, the Auto Payroll expenses and provided a yellow bike unmarked. For this edition of 1930, five national teams are present, comprising 40 runners: Germany, Belgium, Spain, France and Italy. Since 1928, part of the road, tourists are grouped into regional teams and run at their expense. Desgrange seems to favor a French victory. Although he managed to convince the Campionissimo Alfredo Binda , reluctant to participate, with a handshake, but refused the participation of Maurice De Waele and Costante Girardengo which, combined with Binda, would have formed an invincible duo 31 . Membership in this formula is general. She is receiving renewed public interest excited by the victories of the France team. It projects the image of a France united and required five times from 1930 to 1934, Henri Pelissier was the only French winner since 1919. New sources of revenue are needed to organize this tour. It is in this context that created the publicity caravan. His original idea is attributed to Marc Thevenin, director of public Menier chocolate, which is launching a brand vehicle on the roads of the Tour de France 1928. With other vehicles, following the pack and distributes products to the public. The caravan was launched in 1930 is composed of six cars before the race. Participating companies pay the Self , including through prizes and awards. Thus was created an “embryo” of great price from the denver car accident attorney mountain: the Menier Chocolate attribute 5000 francs to the first runner from the top of the seven major mountain passes. In 1931, Desgranges decides to organize itself the publicity caravan 32 . It integrates quickly into the Tour de France and develops. It “anticipates [...] the social ideal of mass consumption” and turns to the 1930 Tour in “a parade of vehicles 33 . ” National teams are created in a context of rising nationalism in Europe and increase national issues and chauvinism in the Tour de France 31 . After five wins from 1930 to 1934 the French, Belgians Romain Maes and Maes Sylvère needed in 1935 and 1936. To counter the Belgian team, considered superior to others in the race against the team time trial, stages played in this form are fewer in 1937. The rivalry between Belgians and French in this edition ends with the withdrawal of the Belgian team in the wake of the attack by the public at Bordeaux. The Belgian Sylvère Maes, carrying the yellow jersey, was penalized in the day because it was expected and supported by Belgian individual at a flat 34 . In Italy, Mussolini following with interest the success of the Italian champions. Participation in a gift to Ottavio Bottecchia , the first winner of the Tour in Italy in 1924 and 1925 , raised anti-fascist demonstrations during the race. For fear of reprisals, Bottecchia is not the yellow jersey at a stage between Toulon and Nice . In 1937, Mussolini pushed Gino Bartali to participate in the Tour de France, for purposes of propaganda for his regime. Bartali, who won the event in 1938, is not fascist, however, is more known for his Catholic faith, as to be nicknamed “Gino the pious” or “the mystic 35 . ” While the newspapers of the SFIO and the Communist Party, Le Populaire and L’Humanité , until then were “very favorable” to the Tour, they are interested in 1936, while the strikers of the Popular Front salute the passage of Race 36 . The Spanish Civil War also reflects on how the Tour. In 1937 and 1938, six Spanish riders engage in competition in order to represent the Spanish Republic , which Julian Berrendero and Mariano Canardo , stage winners in the Pyrenees in 1937 37 . During this period, the Tour de France saw its popularity grow. With the development of its media coverage, the Tour de France becomes the “daily bread media in July for the French 38 . ” As in the previous decade, the public is concentrated in the cities and mountains, the Tour in 1930 draws on all of its course a large crowd, which could represent a quarter of the population of the time, 10 million viewers 39 . This renewed popularity primarily to 
benefit the Self , whose sales increase and reach a peak in 1933 40 . During the 1930s, The Self , however, is not alone to enjoy the success of the Tour. After record levels of 1933, sales of the newspaper down. Press any one or more pages devoted to the Tour. The main competitor of the Self is Paris-Soir , which developed publishing photo essays. With its speed of publication, Paris-Soir appeared the evening before the race and tells L’Auto , which appears only in the morning. This aspect of the competition of newspapers is the cause of the shift in 1933 of stage finishes, from the beginning to the end of the afternoon 41 . In 1929, the journalist Intransigeant Jean Antoine , with the support of the magazine Sports Match is the first to make documentaries broadcast outside the studio. In 1930, all broadcast networks retransmit the French four daily shows. “Radio-race” appears in 1936, through the development of wireless technology: sending a car to the rear of the race announces the position of the race spectators 42 . The Tour de France is also the subject of news reports first filmed in 1931. Their daily projection begins in Paris in 1932 43 . World War II Desgranges still considering the organization of the Tour in 1940. However, it must give up because of the military zones. He invited you in the summer of 1941, but sick, he died on 16 August 1940 . During the Occupation, the Germans want the Tour de France is again held to “rally the French people” and “legitimize their power by allowing again a major public event,” what Jacques Goddet refuse. This project is entrusted to the collaborationist newspaper The Socialist France and its head of sports, Jean Leulliot, a former journalist of the Self and director of the team during the Tour de France 1937. Jacques Goddet have banned the use of the name “Tour de France,” a race called “ Tour de France “is played from September 28 to October 4, 1942, in seven steps. The Belgian François Neuville winner in this “fiasco sports,” picked up by the Vichy government. In 1943, manufacturers, already reluctant in 1942, do not bring something back to the socialist France and the Tour de France no longer held. In 1943, Goddet created the Grand Prix of the Tour de France , which includes nine events (including Paris-Roubaix ). At the end of the season, the winner is given a yellow jersey. Like other newspapers that published during the Occupation, the Self sees his property confiscated and is now published from August 17, 1944 44 . Resumption of the Liberation Tower Jacques Goddet, with the support of Emilien Amaury (creator of Parisian Freed ), however, gets the right to resume a sports newspaper, but under a different title. The team appears from 28 February 1946 . In July 1946, newspaper “sympathizers” of FCP launch the Round in France (the newspaper Sports , with the help of Sprint mirror and Tonight ), a race in five steps from Bordeaux to Grenoble. A few days later, Team and Le Parisien Freed (the Amaury group , then close to the Christian Democrats and the General de Gaulle ) give rise to race the Tour, joining Monaco in Paris [ref. needed] . Against the backdrop of politics, everyone hopes to resume the organization of the Tour de France, when the state of the country permits. In June 1947 , while the Communist ministers left the government a month earlier, the state gives the Parisian Freed and Team with the task of organizing the Tour de France. The Tour de France back then in July 1947 . Jacques Goddet is appointed race director and Felix Levitan (head of sports at Paris ) deputy director. The Tour de France for 30 glorious This section is empty, insufficiently detailed or incomplete. Your help is welcome! In May 1965 , The Team is absorbed by the Amaury Editions , which then becomes the sole owner of the race. The “global expansion” of the Tour de France The 1980s and 1990s were a period of internationalization and growth of the Tour de France. In the early 1980s, the organization of the Tour de France seeks to broaden its audience and find new opponents for runners of Western Europe (the winners of the Tour de France are all from when only seven countries this region), and especially Bernard Hinault dominating the competition. The idea of a Tour “open”, that is to say, open to amateurs, is launched by Felix Levitan in 1982. It takes place the following year, but less ambitious than it imagined. While the goal of this project is to involve riders in Eastern Europe, they are hindered by their political leaders. Only one amateur team finally takes part in the Tour de France 1983 : Team Columbia , which reveals the climber Luis Herrera , twice winner of the classification of the mountain. Instead of opening to the east, the Tour is expanding its horizon to the west, with the arrival in 1986 of a U.S. team, and a first winner American Greg LeMond . If no amateur rider of Eastern Europe shall participate in the Tour, the gradual opening of some countries allows athletes to turn professional in Western Europe. In 1987 , the Tour takes a step towards the east, starting from West Berlin . This edition is still the desire to internationalize the Tour. It was not until the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Warsaw Pact to see participate in many of the runners in Eastern Europe 45 , 46 . The period saw the Tour de France to become a “huge economic machine 47 . ” Its best web hosting media monitoring, revenue, budget grow, and his place in cycling becomes hegemonic. These changes are partly related to a strategy of the organizers of the Tour. These changes also in the late 1980s. In 1988, Jean-François Naquet-Radiguet replaces Felix Levitan, with the goal of “modernizing” the Tour. He signed new contracts with broadcasters and breathes new business strategy, pursued by his successor Jean-Marie Leblanc , who replaced the following year. This is to rid the Tour’s image of “fair trade” and to rely on a limited number of major sponsors, forming a “club of the partners.” These policies allow the Tour to triple its budget between 1988 and 2003, thanks to a sharp increase in television rights and advertising revenues. The Society of the Tour de France in 1993 became a subsidiary of Amaury Sport Organisation 48 . The Tour de France, already has a greater prestige than other races in decades, acquired a hegemonic position. Some riders focus their season on the Tour de France, and forsake other major events calendar. This strategy is initiated Containers by Greg Lemond. He then imitated by Miguel Indurain , five-time winner between 1991 and 1995, Lance Armstrong , record holder of victory with seven successful from 1999 to 2005, and other riders who had the goal to win the Tour. Bernard Hinault and the last winner of the “big loop” to have at least one victory in a classic called “Monument 49 “. World Championships and the Tour of Italy and Spain also suffer from competition of the Tour. Mere participation in the Tour is a key motivation for team sponsors. The number of teams nominated for the Tour de France is growing. In 1989, the International Cycling Union sets up a selection system based on world rankings for teams ranked by allowing them to participate automatically. The number of invitations at the discretion of the organizers is low, and disappointments are frequent, with consequences for the financing or even engagement rings the survival of the teams apart 50 . The Tour de France of doping
Displays of spectators on the Tour de France 2006 Main article: Doping at the Tour de France . The doping is present in cycling since the late xix th century 51 . Until the 1950s, it is not a major concern and is “treated cursive or humorous,” although it émeuve Desgrange. The consumption of products by the riders was described by Albert Londres in 1924 in his article The convicts of the road . Anti-doping starts on the Tour de France in 1966 , wedding rings after several incidents in previous years. After the death of Tom Simpson on the slopes of Mount Ventoux in 1967 , the riders selected at random are controlled at each end of the stage electric cigarette in 1968. The “ Festina affair “that shook the 1998 Tour de France was a turning point in the perception of doping by the public 52 and the image of the Tour de France 53 . It reveals the “extent of doping 54 “and the phrase” a craft to a doping doping industry, with the flagship product the EPO 55 . ” Since then, doping scandals affect the Tour and its main competitors each year. In 2006 , Floyd Landis is the first Tour winner to be disqualified for doping. The exploits of Lance Armstrong , who won the Tour seven times from 1999 to 2005 by crushing the competition, are the subject of a “permanent suspicion.” In 2011 , Alberto Contador took the Tour while the Court of Arbitration for Sport has not yet ruled on the positive drug test which he has been during the previous edition which he won. Media coverage of the Tour de France
Founded in 1903 by the Parisian sports newspaper L’Auto , the Tour is an excellent laboratory for the media outside the press xx th century . The first live radio report was made by Jean Antoine and Alex Virot in 1930 . denver martial arts Therefore, the radio itself in the newspaper, which casino can not produce the results the next morning. The newsreels were never real competitors because they still broadcast the steps with several days delay. Television is present on the route of the iPhone Unlock Tour in the late 1940′s but must try every means to ensure proper coverage of the race. Plastic Storage Bins The first live report from a high Alpine was limited in effect to a fixed plane of the pass. The report said two hours later with a static shot of the finish line. It was not until the year 1960 to attend live television coverage by the viewer truly penetrate the heart of the race, thanks to cameras on motorbikes relayed by plane or helicopter. Thus, we can define three ages for Media Tour: the journal paper 1903 to 1920 , then the radio of the 1930s to the early 1960′s , and finally television since the late 1960s. Newspaper paper, Team leading, n’abdiquèrent obviously not deal with the rise of radio and television, but the pure description of the stage gradually gave way to views shifted. Antoine Blondin excelled in this genre. Recent winners of the Tour de France
Yellow jersey
Yellow Jersey Main article: Yellow jersey . The yellow jersey of overall leader is one of the most iconic symbols of the Tour de France. The yellow color is reminiscent of the newspaper L’Auto , the creator of the event. The signing of Henri Desgrange , the famous HD, adorns the shirt after a hiatus of a few years where this usage was forgotten. This distinctive jersey was created in 1919 , right in the Tour. This is from Grenoble ( 11 th step ), the 19 July 1919 , that Eugene Christophe is wearing the yellow chiropractic marketing jersey first in history. The overall cheap auto transport time is the classification most importantly, the rider will occupy the first place, although it also leads to other rankings, has the yellow jersey. The second classification of the mountain or sprint is then, by delegation, the polka dot jersey or green. Points classification
Main article: Points classification of the Tour de France . This classification was initially in the awarding of a decreasing number of points to riders on each stage. This is how the standings was made in the early rounds, before the classification time. The points classification is recreated in 1953 . It focuses on arrivals to the sprints. To supplement this classification, intermediate sprints punctuated steps. These intermediate sprints gave some points to the first three, until 2011 where there is a sprint stage intermédiaiaire by rewarding the top 15 runners. The mountain stages do not attribute that few points for this ranking, while the flat stages, with frequent sprint finish, are richly endowed. That’s a ranking of best sprinter and not a points classification in use in the early editions of the Tour. A green jersey in the peloton identifies the leader of this ranking, or second, if the leader of this ranking is also the bearer of the yellow jersey. The green jersey is specifically in use since the points classification in 1953 , except during the Tour de France 1968 when it was red. Grand Prix of the Mountain
Main article: Classification of the mountains of the Tour de France . The ranking of the best climber is created by 1933 . Each pass, according to its difficulty, earns points that are added to compile the rankings. The most difficult passes are classified as “ unclassified “, the other in a re , 2 e , 3 e and 4 th t shirt design category. A white shirt with big red spots identified in the pack leader in this ranking, or second, if the leader of the mountain is also the bearer of the yellow jersey. If the Grand Prize of the mountain was created in 1933 , the specific jersey with red polka dots appear in 1975 . Best young
Main article: Ranking the best young rider of the Tour de France . The younger riders ( 25 years maximum) compete for the white jersey for best young overall. It was created in 1975 , and was removed from 1989 to 1999 , then reappears in the squads since 2000 . Other rankings Team standings
Main article: Team classification of the Tour de France . A team classification takes into account the time of the first three got to the stage. This challenge was once reported by wearing a yellow hat by all team members. This use of the yellow hat is now lost because of the compulsory wearing of helmets, but since the 2006 Tour the best team is indicated by a yellow bib. Price of fighting
Main article: Price of fighting the Tour de France . A challenge of fighting, moving with the class rules, rewards every step of the most combative rider. A jury awarded the challenge. The fighting is reported the previous day’s racing through a red bib. At the end of tour, a Super fighting (that is to say the rider who was the more aggressive throughout the race) is designated. Ranking of the centenary A ranking of the centennial was established in 2003 by adding the positions obtained in steps of 1903 , that is to say, Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Nantes and Paris . It was won by Stuart O’Grady . Veterans rankings Red jersey In force in the 1980s, it served to distinguish the leading sprints catch. It has come between 1983 and 1990. Some great names have worn it, like Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle and Jacques Hanegraaff . Jersey mondrian It was worn by the leader of the combined ranking, which combined the rankings points and mountains. It was in force between 1983 and 1989. Tour de France
The peaks and passes of the Tour The first small pass of the Tour was the Pin Bouchain , climbed in 1903, even during the first stage of Paris-Lyon. It is located on Route Nationale 7 , between Roanne and Tarare. Another pass was escalated during the 1903 Tour, the Grand-Bois ( 1161 m ), also called neck of the Republic , just outside Saint-Etienne , in step Lyon-Marseille. He became the first pass of the event referenced 60 and the first of over 1000 meters. In the vertical growth then came Ballon d’Alsace ( 1178 m ) and the Col Bayard ( 1245 m ) in 1905. The Col de Porte ( 1326 m ) in 1907. And the Pyrenees are on the program with Peyresourde ( 1569 m ) and the Tourmalet ( 2115 m ) (the first of more than 2000 meters) in the same stage in 1910! Climbed the Alps will be the following year with San Diego Homes For Rent the terrible Galibier ( 2645 m ) in 1911. Then it’s Cervical Iseran ( 2770 m ) in 1938. Since 1962, the Cime de la Bonnette is the highest ever taken by the road with Tour ( 2802 m ) 61 . The highest stage finish (2645 m) was held in 2011 on top of the Col du Galibier , at the end of the 18 th stage , between Pinerolo and the Col du Galibier Serre-Chevalier . She saw the victory of Luxembourg Andy Schleck after a breakaway in the long term. Typology of the steps Main article: Cities stages of the Tour de France . Mountain stage
Profile of the climb to L’Alpe d’Huez The mountain is gradually appeared on the route of the Tour. The Ballon d’Alsace , since 1905 , and the Col du Tourmalet and the Col de l’Aubisque in 1910 , the mountain as quickly impose justice must Tour. Many of the Tour cyclists dread the mountain stages because of the time of arrival beyond which they could eliminate. To avoid the latter, the riders uncomfortable in the mountains fall into large pack, commonly called the bus or gruppetto . Flat stage The flat stages, sometimes called transitional stages, is the kingdom of rollers, these powerful cyclists capable of supporting prolonged exercise on flat ground. These riders have the task of preparing for the arrival for the best sprinter of the team. These steps are often marked by long-term escapement (record like this: 253 km solo). The platoon operates more or less escaped these, especially in the late stage. A squad of riders behind a breakaway can take a minute to 10 km . Thus, two minutes ahead ten kilometers from the finish, a breakaway is (almost) certain to win his race against the pack. This is the famous “ theorem Chapatte . ” Stage against the clock
Thor Hushovd against time Three types of steps against the clock on the Tour are: the prologue (the first stage of the Tour, a short individual time trial against) against the team time trial and the individual against the clock (usually two on the Tour) . Riders use the occasion of these steps a specific material highly regulated. It against the team time trial is held among the early stages of the Tour (before the first mountain stages) so that all training can bring a maximum of runners. Against time in the mountains, particularly formidable test, is rarely programmed. Countries and regions visited The first editions of the Tour de France had indeed the appearance of a loop, making the race more or less around the country. The start time was given in Paris, who was also the finish of the race. In 1907 , the Tour de France ends in Metz, Alsace-Lorraine, then German territory. This is the first stage of the Tour abroad. At the same edition of the Tour de France also passes in Switzerland. In 1914 the Tour de France stops in Switzerland, with a stop in Geneva . In 1926 , for the first time, the Tour de France sprang does not Paris, but of Evian . It will however be the only city to experience such an honor to Metz in 1951 . After World War II, the new team leader of the Tour de France will take more liberty with the route of the Tour. First, be sure to visit neighboring countries. In 1947 , the Tour is the first step in Belgium (arriving in Brussels ) but also in Luxembourg . In 1948 , the Tour made stops for the first time in Italy . In 1949 , the Tour made stops for the first time in Spain . In 1950 , vps hosting but especially after 1951 , the Tour de France will lose its shape loop. The course abandons the coastline to venture into the center of the country, visiting Clermont-Ferrand and the Massif Central . In 1952 , the Tour is the first step to Monaco . In 1954 , racers storm of Amsterdam . This is the first departure from abroad. corporate clothing In 1964 , the Tour is the first step in Andorra . In 1974 , the pack takes the boat to get to Plymouth in England . In 1987 , the Tour is given to West Berlin , at the foot of the wall . In 1990 , the Tour de France stage is the Mont-Saint-Michel . In 1992 , the Tour passes through the six founding countries of the ECSC , to celebrate the creation of the European Union. In 1994 , new steps take place in 
England, taking advantage of the Channel Tunnel has just been inaugurated. In 1998 , the Tour de France from Dublin in Ireland . In 1999 , 2005 and 2011 , the Tour de France takes the Passage du Gois , submersible causeway linking the island of Noirmoutier to the mainland. In 2013, the Tour de France will start from Corsica , France metropolitan area alone never to have been visited by the race. Main difficulties in the mountains Alps Col d’Allos Aravis Col de la Bonnette Col de la Colombiere Col de la Croix de Fer Col du Galibier Col du Glandon Col du Grand Saint-Bernard Pass Granon Cervical Iseran Izoard Pass Col du Joux-Plane Col de la Madeleine Col du Mont Cenis Col de Vars Cormet de Roseland Courchevel Isola 2000 Les Deux Alpes L’Alpe d’Huez La Plagne Sestriere in Italy Val Thorens Pyrenees Col d’Aspin Col d’Aubisque Col de Marie-Blanque Pass Menté Pass Port Col de Peyresourde Col de Portet-d’Aspet Pass gate Pass Puymorens Pass Soudet Pass Soulor Col du Tourmalet Col de Val-Louron-Azet Port de Bales port Larrau Port Envalira Luz Ardiden Pla d’Adet La Mongie Port of Pailhères Beille plateau Col de la Pierre Saint-Martin Pla de Beret Massif Central Col de la Croix de Chaubouret Col du Pas de Peyrol ( Puy Mary ) Col de la Croix Morand Pass REDAR coast of New Cross Lead Cantal Puy de Dome Vosges Ballon d’Alsace Grand Ball Col de la Schlucht Col du Bonhomme Pass Bussang Col du Donon Col du Platzerwasel Provence Mont Ventoux Mont Faron Jura Mountains neck of the Sickle The main records
(Bold riders active in 2011)
Raymond Poulidor.
Distribution of winners by country.
Evolution of the average velocity of the winners. Victories overall 7. Lance Armstrong in 1999 to 2005 5. Jacques Anquetil in 1957 and 1961 to 1964 5. Eddy Merckx in 1969 to 1972 , and 1974 5. Bernard Hinault in 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 and 1985 5. Miguel Indurain from 1991 to 1995 Podiums 8. Raymond Poulidor France (1962: 3 th , 1964: 2 e , 1965: 2 e , 1966: 3 th , 1969: 3 th , 1972: 3 th , 1974: 2 e , 1976: 3 e ) 8. Lance Armstrong United States (1999 to 2005: 1 e , 2009: 3 e ) Second 6. Joop Zoetemelk Netherlands (1970, 1971, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1982) 5. Jan Ullrich Germany (1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003) 3. Raymond Poulidor France (1964, 1965, 1974) 3. Gustave Garrigou France (1907, 1909, 1913) 3. Andy Schleck Luxembourg (2009, 2010, 2011) Third Place 5. Raymond Poulidor France (1962, 1966, 1969, 1972, 1976) 3. Lucien Van Impe Belgium (1971, 1975, 1977) Overall Ranking (by country) 36. France 18. Belgium 13. Spain 10. United States 9. Italy 4. Luxembourg 2. Netherlands 2. Switzerland 1. Germany 1. Denmark 1. Ireland 1. Australia Presentation of the yellow jersey (half-steps included) 111. Eddy Merckx Belgium 83. Lance Armstrong USA 79. Bernard Hinault France 60. Miguel Indurain Spain 52. Jacques Anquetil France Best climber 7. Richard Virenque in 1994 to 1997 and again in 1999 , 2003 and 2004 6. Federico Bahamontes in 1954 , 1958 , 1959 and 1962 to 1964 6. Lucien Van Impe in 1971 , 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1981 and 1983 Points classification 6. Erik Zabel Germany from 1996 to 2001 4. Sean Kelly Ireland in 1982 , 1983 , 1985 and 1989 3. Jan Janssen Netherlands in 1964 , 1965 and 1967 3. Eddy Merckx Belgium in 1969 , 1971 and 1972 3. Freddy Maertens Belgium in 1976 , 1978 and 1981 electronic cigarette 3. Djamolidine Abdoujaparov Uzbekistan in 1991 , 1993 and 1994 3. Robbie McEwen Australia in botox brisbane 2002 , 2004 and 2006 Collections of swimwear Eddy Merckx is the only rider to have won in the same Tour de France, yellow jersey, green, and the grand prize of the mountain (the team had even won the team classification). That was in 1969 . If the trophy for best young existed this year, he would have also won. With the “cannibal” Eddy Merckx , two French riders arrived in Paris with the green jersey and the polka dot jersey, but not in the same edition of the Tour. Bernard Hinault won the polka dot jersey as well in 1986 and in the green jersey 1979 . Laurent Jalabert Green arrives in Paris in 1992 and 1995 and Paris agrees with the polka dot jersey of best climber in 2001 and 2002 . Stage wins 34. Eddy Merckx Belgium 28. Bernard Hinault France 25. André Leducq France 22. Darrigade André France 22. Lance Armstrong USA 20. Mark Cavendish United Kingdom 20. Nicolas Frantz Luxembourg 19. François Faber Luxembourg Stage wins in a single Tour 8. Eddy Merckx Belgium in 1970 and 1974 8. Charles Pelissier France in 1930 8. Freddy Maertens Belgium in 1976 Individual victories of steps by nations 655. France 454. Belgium 249. Italy 152. Netherlands 104. Spain Record entries 16. Joop Zoetemelk Netherlands 16. George Hincapie USA 15. Lucien Van Impe Belgium 15. Nulens Guy Belgium 15. Christophe Moreau France 15. Viatcheslav Ekimov Russia 14. Raymond Poulidor France 14. Darrigade André France 14. Sean Kelly Ireland 14. Erik Zabel Germany The differences in the tightest finish of the Tour 8 seconds, between Greg LeMond and Laurent Fignon in 1989 23 seconds between Alberto Contador and Cadel Evans in 2007 32 seconds between Óscar Pereiro and Andreas Klöden in 2006 38 seconds, between Jan Janssen and Herman Van Springel in 1968 39 seconds between Alberto Contador and Andy Schleck in 2010 40 seconds, between Stephen Roche and Pedro Delgado in 1987 48 seconds, between Bernard Thevenet and Hennie Kuiper in 1977 55 seconds, between Jacques cna certification Anquetil and Raymond Poulidor in 1964 The youngest winner in the Tour Henri Cornet France , at the age of 19 years, 11 months and 20 days 62 in 1904 Oldest winner payday loan in Tour Firmin Lambot Belgium , at the age of 36 years, 4 months and 9 days 62 in 1922 Bib number at the start of the winner bib 1: 24 winners Bib 11: 5 winners Bib 21: 4 winners bib No. 51: 4 winners Customs and traditions of the Tour de France
About an hour before the riders, the caravan of the Tour passes and distributes Cell Phone Accessories objects of all kinds. Vehicles are often unusual and decorated with advertising. The parade advertising is created 1930 and is still a huge hit with viewers. Radio-Tour informs spectators, reporters and team managers of all events punctuating the race in real time. Despite the recent proliferation of communications media, “Radio Tour” is still essential for all stakeholders in the Tour. The slate , which has a slate and chalk, following a motorcycle racers and transmits the differences reported by Radio Tour . The Red auto insurance rates Lantern is the last overall. This is a reference to the red lights that signal the rear of a vehicle. The “trophy” was once sought because it allowed its “winner” for better premiums during the post-Tour criteriums. Sometimes, but it’s rare today, the last in the overall standings himself dons a red lantern. It has in the past attended duels between riders who flirt with the time of disposal to get the last place of the Tour, simply because we remember more easily classified as the last rider of the one preceding it. Founded in 1906 63 , the red flame means the banner placed on top of the road at the last mile of each step. Throughout the stage, the mileage is indicated by banners (25, 20, 15, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1). The bands of the last mile is nevertheless very different from the others: it is a huge inflatable while all others are simple cloth banners. The spectators were estimated at 100,000 in the first edition, there are more than 10 million today to the roadside of the Tour. The Tour is, indeed, a free show is going to meet his public. The latter was ignited for the Wire Cart Covers event from the first edition, and violent incidents are numerous until the 1950s. Eddy Merckx is the victim Judaica Bat Mitzvah Gifts of a punch in the liver to the rise of the Puy 
de Dome . These incidents are isolated and spectacular today, but rather the festive spirit of the Tour of the public who is praised. However, the high concentration of spectators along the road where many vehicles pass is not without danger: many children were struck by vehicles in recent years. Tourism requires the spectators along the roads are not only French. The rise of some passes leads to surreal scenes where riders must make their way through an exuberant crowd gathered on the pavement. Thus, in 1999 , one kilometer from the finish atop the Alpe d’Huez , the Italian Giuseppe Guerini fall after being hit by a spectator who had been in the middle of the road to photograph it (it still won the stage). Step whose arrival is located in Alpe d’Huez has the most viewers. Since 1987, after each step, the overall leader is issued in addition to the yellow jersey, a stuffed lion. This lion was originally a flash of the Sponsor: Credit Lyonnais. The tradition continues even if the French bank has since changed its name to LCL . Post forwards mail from riders on the Tour. Thus, it is possible and even recommended to fans to write to their favorite rider during the race, indicating as a recipient “x Runner, Team, Tour de France – Dynapost.” Every day the postman does his rounds of the Tour, and from stage to stage, delivers the fan mail to the riders. Dynapost publishes a ranking of runners receiving the most fan mail during the event. See also the article on the sag wagon . The directors of the Tour
Henri Desgrange about 1922. 1 903 – 1939 engagement ring : Henri Desgrange 1939 – 1961 : Jacques Goddet 1,962 – in 1986 : Jacques Goddet and Felix Levitan 1987 : Jean-François Naquet-Radiguet and Xavier Louy 1988 : Jean-Pierre Courcol and Xavier Louy 1 989 – 1993 : Jean-Pierre Carenso and Jean-Marie Leblanc 1994 – two thousand : Jean-Claude Killy and Jean-Marie Leblanc In 2001 – 2004 : Patrice Clerc and Jean-Marie Leblanc Two thousand and five – 2006 : Jean-Marie Leblanc and Christian Prudhomme 2006 -: Christian Prudhomme The Tour and the arts
Great loop gave birth to dozens of songs. Among those recorded are: The Tour de France (Boyer, son Lelièvre, 1927 ); kid Tour (Dufas, roach and Cazalis, 1932 ), The Yellow Jersey (Gardoni, Garden and Charly, 1936 ) , Making the Tour de France (Lepere and Muscat, 1950 ), it has the yellow Mailot (Romat and Dréjac, 1965 ), “Tour de France (Kraftwerk). If it is a compilation of the most representative, it must then include: Cycling in the songs (Radio-France, 1995 ), a CD which housed twenty titles devoted solely Tour 64 . From its silent cinema became interested in the Tour with The King of the pedal ( locksmith 1925 ), directed by Maurice Champreux , which became famous in the comic Biscot. The same were left for a movie this time speaking, Hardi guys! ( 1931 ). A director is distinguished then Stelli Jean , with the yellow jersey for ( 1939 ) whose hero is played by Albert Prejean , then with five red tulips ( 1949 ), a detective story in which the yellow jersey is murdered. If it is an animated film to quote, it’s The Triplets of Belleville ( 2003 ) of Sylvain Chomet . The Tour de France in the sixties is part of the frame. As for the TV movies, is distinguished Everyone’s Tour ( 1996 ) by Patrick Le Gall . In terms of documentaries, rise to a yellow jersey ( 1965 ) by Claude Lelouch , Vive le Tour ( 1966 ) by Louis Malle , in the scrabble word finder lead ( 1974 ) by which follows Joel Santoni Eddy Merckx whole season, and Around the Tower ( STD Test 1975 ) by Jacques Ertaud . The comic is now one of the arts. Pellos , with two series, The Tour has 50 years ( Team , 1953) and The Romance of the Tour ( Intrepid , 1961) has brilliantly served. Among the twenty titles published in albums, we must mention the unknown of the Tour de France (Graton, 2003), a nice compilation of stories full of Jean Graton published in Tintin from 1954 to 1964. Also: The extraordinary saga of the Tour de France , due to Duval, Ardan and Hardy (Art and Travel, 1973), The best stories of the Tour de France, 1903-1996 , illustrated by Nando and Letoct (Collusion, 1997) The Eagle without toes , ski accessories due to Lax (Dupuis, 2005), the convicts of the road , drawn by Serres ( Le Parisien Publishing, 2007). Premiums
The overall winner receives a vase of hcg diet plan Sevres 65 , on behalf of the Presidency of the French Republic 66 . Premiums allocated from the edition 2007 : € 450 000 : amount allocated for the overall winner. € 25 000 : amount awarded to the winner’s final points classification ( green jersey ) and the Grand Prize of the Mountains ( polka dot jersey ). € 20 000 : amount awarded to the winner’s final standings for the best young (white jersey). € 8 000 : prizes to the winner of each stage. € 800 : prizes awarded to the winner of an intermediate sprint. € 350 : premium daily delivery to the holder of the yellow jersey (overall). € 300 : premium daily delivery to the bearer of the green jersey, the polka dot jersey and white jersey. € free ipad 20 000 : the sum allocated for the price of the fighting at the end of the test in “super-combative” Tour. € 2000 : daily premium discount for the price of the fighting at the end of each stage.